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Nineteen sixty five was a successful
year for space science and application.

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There were the spectacular results
of the Ranger and Mariner mission

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and the other significant accomplishments.

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They could buy in Star programs toward
their objectives these objectives are to

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explore the moon the planets

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and the other planetary environment of
our solar system to investigate the sun

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and its relationship to work the
geophysical properties of the year

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and the physical nature of the universe
to determine the biological effect of the

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space environment on Earth
life form and to search for

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and analyze extraterrestrial life.

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To develop experiments for manned spaceflight
which uses special capabilities of

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the trained astronaut as a
sensor and if you later

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and evaluate the provide pretty doctoral
training for scientists and engineers.

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And grants for space
science research projects

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and laboratory facilities to best use
university resources for the national space

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effort. To develop

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and manage launch vehicle system on which
reliable space transportation for all

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payloads depend to conduct
research and development on media

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or logical satellite systems

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and support the weather bureau in applying
them to an operational system to develop

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and apply space technology to other
practical satellite applications such as

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communication

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and navigation in April nine hundred
sixty five one accomplishment in

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communications. Was the NASA
turnover of CENTCOM three

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and CENTCOM to to the Department of Defense
for their operational you the basic

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engineering data plan for them
had been largely collected.

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When come three was launched
in one nine hundred sixty four

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and maneuvered into the world's
first stationary orbit.

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At an altitude of about twenty two thousand
three hundred miles over the MIT does

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that.

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Then come to launched into the world's
first synchronous orbit in nine hundred

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sixty three.

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Was moved in one nine hundred sixty five
to a new station above the Indian Ocean.

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Now both communications satellites are
serving the Department of Defense for Boysen

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teletype to Southeast Asia.

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Experiments in air to ground communications
by satellite were successfully

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conducted in January
between a ground station

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and a Pan American Airways aircraft
in flight over the Pacific.

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The two way airborne terminal communicated
via Syn com three with a California

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ground station from a position
as far away as Hong Kong.

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And also a nine hundred sixty five
communications for Gemini manned space flights

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were routed through the
sin com three spacecraft.

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Early bird the first commercial communications
satellite was launched by NASA in

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April for the communications satellite
corporation on a reimbursable basis.

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The payload was a direct outgrowth of
CENTCOM development. The first early bird.

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You know if you read it live
transatlantic programs in April.

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It also made possible the live television
transmission of the Gemini six

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and Gemini seven recoveries
from of or the carrier was.

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This use the type of transportable ground
station first developed for glasses

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communications satellite program.

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Your nine hundred sixty five the first
prototype model of an applications

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technology satellite was produced under
the direction of Goddard Space Flight

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Center this program is a major NASA
effort in communications navigation

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and meteorology.

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It is concerned with the advanced
technology of gravity gradient

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and spin stabilized orientation systems.

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It will also be used for antenna research

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and the determination of environmental
effects on components technology experiments

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for the first flights have been selected

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and initial flight is scheduled for nine
hundred sixty six the most significant

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accomplishment of the meteorological program
in one hundred sixty five was tyros

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night which rose through space like a
cartwheel taking weather pictures of the

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entire world.

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Each day the Delta vehicle used in
bunching tyros nine has successfully

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launched thirty one satellites
in thirty four attempts.

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This includes a remarkable record of
twenty two successful launch is in a row.

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Once in orbit around commands triggered
the delicate turning maneuver which put

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tyros nine over on its side tyros nine was
put into a nearly polar orbit over the

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rotating earth so that it can
photograph the entire world. Each day.

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The satellite was programmed to
take four hundred pictures daily.

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Each day's coverage is converted to Neff
analysis maps which show the storm fronts

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on over the world.

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These are made available to weather
forecasters for their analyses the wheel

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configuration of tyros nine will be used
in the series of operational satellites

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developed by NASA for the weather bureau
this system will be known as top some

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satellites will.

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Carry cameras for automatic picture
transmission to small receiving stations all

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over the world. Others
will carry an advanced

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that Ican camera with tape storage to
send back its global observations to the

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United States. In July.

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NASA launch tyros ten for the United States
weather bureau this latest tyros join

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tyro seven eight and nine in
space and marks the first time

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that for weather satellites were
operating simultaneously in September.

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All four storm trackers photographed
Hurricane Betsy making it the best followed

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hurrican in history Cairo seven entered its
third year of operation four times the

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expected lifetime for a weather satellite
another use for tyros was weather

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monitoring before

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and during the eight day Gemini five manned
space flight because of a tyro spaced

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forecast of impending storms
in the recovery area.

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The mission was shortened
by one orbit. Nimbus.

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Is now the focus of advanced research

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and development in the media a logical
program work on the second flight model

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continued throughout nine hundred sixty
five under the direction of Goddard Space

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Flight Center.

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Scheduled for launching a nine hundred
sixty six Nimbus will carry both daytime

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and nighttime camera systems an attractive
feature of the next Nimbus will be the

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ability of small relatively inexpensive
ground stations to receive live pictures

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during the daytime as well as
infrared pictures at night.

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Nine hundred sixty five has the
notable accomplishments in the Lunar

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and Planetary programs.

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These include the completion of the
successful Mariner mission to Mars.

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The first flight of the new Pioneer
series of interplanetary missions

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and the success of the last.

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Two Ranger photographic missions to them
all the extraordinary pictures sent back

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from the successful Ranger seven mission
cost substantial modifications in earlier

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theories about the model they resulted
in lunar maps and models of an accuracy

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and scale to within a few feet the area
within the Sea of clouds which Ranger seven

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photographed was renamed moderate company
from the known sea Ranger a target areas

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were re-evaluated according to Ranger
seven finding it was launched in February

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from Cape Kennedy by an atlas of Gina

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Gina has provided NASA with a versatile
vehicle system since the beginning of nine

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hundred sixty four ten out of eleven
launches were successful the Ranger eight

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mission achieved its objective not the least
of these was the further qualification

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of the sophisticated and highly
accurate guidance and command system

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and of camera technology these
systems perform to therapy

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when Ranger nine was launched successfully
in March as it approached the moon.

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It sent back from its six cameras.

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More than fifty eight hundred pictures of
the lunar surface here is a speeded up

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level.

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Ranger nine marked the completion of
the successful program managed by Jet

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Propulsion Laboratory for NASA.

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We have learned a great deal from this
program about the type of earth a of several

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lunar areas for example we know

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that the lunar surface within a crater like
Alphonsus is remarkably similar to the

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surface of Mars a fine collected

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and Mari called Make them
photographed by earlier Rangers.

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If firm enough these surfaces may be
suitable for the landing of the unmanned

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surveyor

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and the manned lunar excursion module the
dark halos around the small craters in

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Alphonsus suggest past or
present volcanic activity.

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The spectacular final photos of the Ranger
nine approach to Alphonsus were seen

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live on television by millions
of Americans as they were taken.

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They had a resolution of better than one
foot just before a Ranger nine impacted

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within a mile of the target.

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Continuing study of the moon's top hogger
fate will be accomplished by lunar

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orbiter in one hundred sixty five
a prototype model was completed

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and began testing.

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First lunar orbiter flight is scheduled
for nine hundred sixty six using an atlas

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of Gina De launch vehicle.

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Photographic reconnaissance
will be its prime tatts

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and there is considerable flexibility
in the way the photographs can be tied

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together.

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Last year ten potential areas were selected
for coverage by the first mission.

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They include examples of all the major
types of the moon's surface to permit

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assessment of their suitability
for spacecraft landings.

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Each is twenty two miles wide
and fifty eight miles long.

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Nine of the ten sites are within the area
proposed for Apollo manned landings.

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Lunar orbiter will approach within twenty
nine miles of the lunar surface at parity

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and may remain in orbit
for up to one year.

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This should make it an ideal vehicle to
obtain scientific data as well as extensive

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photographic coverage at the end
of the year saw the first like

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model of surveyor in final system test
prior to show. Month to Cape Kennedy.

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Surveyor is our most complex
unmanned lunar exploration project.

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It is designed to make a
soft landing on the moon

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and provide a wide variety of scientific
data as well as to survey areas on the

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lunar surface as possible landing
sites for manned missions.

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This flight model surveyor

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and the prototype which preceded it
underwent qualification testing throughout

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nineteen sixty five under the management
of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory the

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spacecraft was subjected
to by breaking tests.

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Went into a simulated space environment
in the solar thermal vacuum chamber.

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With its ground support equipment the
prototype were shipped to Cape Kennedy.

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Here it was used to check out the
launch facilities and procedures.

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Then it moved to Goldstone tracking
station in the California desert.

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Here it underwent compatibility testing
with Nasa's Deep Space Network.

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On November twenty second a most significant
milestone was passed in the surveyor

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program A T two

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and terminal descent test vehicle performed
successfully on a combined tether

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and descent test at Holloman Air Force
Base New Mexico prime objectives were to

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verify the soft landing capabilities
of the Surveyor spacecraft

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and evaluate critical flight parameters
in the velocity sensor like control

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and vernier engine subsystem.

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You will note that once the vehicle
was released from the balloon.

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There was no discernible
displacement in pitch your roll.

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This stable descent attitude was maintained
by the constantly varying FRUST output

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of the five hundred controlled engines
responding to the commands of the flight

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control subsystem and.

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To release the vehicle automatically
adjusted to the planned descent trajectory

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until a constant descent rate of five
feet per second was reached this constant

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descent rate can be seen as the time hunder
stabilizing fuel cell to the side of

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the vehicle effect the spacecraft
made a simulated lunar surface

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landing

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and was recovered by parachute at an altitude
of five hundred feet from this first

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successful performance of
the model we can conclude

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that the design is adequate to guide the
spacecraft to a gentle landing on the moon

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the system will however
undergo further testing

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many problems managerial

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and technical were overcome
during this year of qualification

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and tests now a Surveyor spacecraft is
nearing site acceptance for the first

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mission the most difficult project
yet undertaken in the space science

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and applications program sent our
launch vehicle for surveyor has

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completed the first phase of its development
program with the successful launch in

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August carrying a surveyor
dynamic test model

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Sun Power is now fully qualified to meet
surveyor direct descent requirement to

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burn development phase to put surveyor into
parking orbit should be completed late

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in nine hundred sixty six.